is phthalates in cosmetics safe during pregnancy

Quick verdict: ❌ Best avoided. Phthalates in cosmetics are endocrine-disrupting chemicals linked to potential developmental and reproductive risks for your baby. While the evidence isn’t conclusive, most obstetricians and health authorities (including ACOG and the FDA) recommend minimizing exposure during pregnancy as a precaution. If you’re already using products with phthalates, don’t panic—focus on switching to phthalate-free alternatives moving forward.

You’re standing in the bathroom at midnight, staring at the back of your favorite moisturizer. The word “phthalates” jumps out at you, and suddenly, the late-night Google spiral begins: Is phthalates in cosmetics safe during pregnancy? You’re not alone—this is one of the most common questions we hear from expecting parents. The good news? You don’t need to toss every product in your vanity. The better news? There are simple, safe swaps you can make to reduce your exposure without sacrificing your self-care routine.

Phthalates (pronounced THAL-ates) are a group of chemicals used to make plastics softer and cosmetics more flexible, long-lasting, or fragrant. They’re in everything from nail polish to shampoo to scented lotions—and because they’re not always listed on labels, they can be tricky to avoid. Current research suggests that high levels of phthalate exposure might be linked to pregnancy complications, developmental issues, and hormonal disruptions, though the evidence isn’t definitive. Still, most experts agree: when it comes to pregnancy, it’s better to err on the side of caution. Here’s what you need to know about phthalates in cosmetics, how to spot them, and what to use instead.

What are phthalates, and why are they in cosmetics?

Phthalates are a family of synthetic chemicals used to make plastics more flexible and cosmetics more durable, spreadable, or fragrant. In beauty products, you’ll most commonly find them in:

• Fragrances: Phthalates like diethyl phthalate (DEP) help scents last longer in perfumes, lotions, and body washes. Because “fragrance” or “parfum” is considered a trade secret, companies aren’t required to list phthalates separately on the label—even if they’re present.
• Nail polish: Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is used to prevent chipping and add flexibility. It’s less common now due to regulations, but some brands still include it.
• Hair products: Phthalates help hairsprays and gels hold their shape and reduce stiffness in hair serums.
• Lotions and creams: They improve texture and help active ingredients penetrate the skin.

The problem? Phthalates don’t stay put. They can be absorbed through your skin, inhaled (especially in sprays or powders), or ingested (like when you bite your nails after applying polish). Once in your body, they act as endocrine disruptors—chemicals that interfere with your hormones. During pregnancy, hormones like estrogen and progesterone are critical for your baby’s development, which is why phthalates raise red flags for many obstetricians.

Is phthalates in cosmetics safe during pregnancy?

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) advises pregnant people to minimize exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including phthalates, due to potential risks to fetal development. The FDA acknowledges that some phthalates (like DBP and DEHP) are restricted in cosmetics but notes that others (like DEP) are still permitted in small amounts. The European Union has banned several phthalates in cosmetics due to concerns about reproductive toxicity, while the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission has restricted their use in children’s toys but not in personal care products.

So, what does the science actually show? A growing body of research suggests that high levels of phthalate exposure during pregnancy may be linked to:

• Preterm birth: Some studies have found an association between phthalate exposure and an increased risk of delivering early, though the evidence isn’t definitive.
• Developmental issues: Animal studies show that phthalates can interfere with hormone function, which may affect brain development, reproductive organs, and behavior. Human studies are less clear but raise concerns.
• Gestational diabetes: Some research suggests a possible link between phthalate exposure and an increased risk of developing gestational diabetes, though more studies are needed.
• Low birth weight: A few studies have found a correlation between phthalate exposure and lower birth weight, but the results are mixed.

It’s important to note that most of these studies look at high levels of exposure—often from multiple sources (like food packaging, household products, and cosmetics combined). The amount of phthalates in a single cosmetic product is usually low, but the concern is cumulative exposure. Since you’re likely using multiple products daily (shampoo, lotion, makeup, nail polish), the effects can add up over time.

Bottom line: while the evidence isn’t conclusive, the potential risks are serious enough that most obstetricians recommend minimizing exposure to phthalates during pregnancy. If you’re already using products with phthalates, don’t stress—focus on making safer choices moving forward.

Are phthalates in cosmetics safe during the first trimester?

The first trimester is the most critical window for your baby’s development. During these 12 weeks, their organs, brain, and nervous system are forming, and they’re especially vulnerable to environmental toxins, including endocrine disruptors like phthalates. This is why most experts recommend being extra cautious about phthalate exposure during the first trimester.

Research suggests that phthalates can cross the placenta and may interfere with hormone signaling, which is essential for your baby’s growth. Some studies have linked first-trimester phthalate exposure to an increased risk of miscarriage, preterm birth, and developmental issues, though the evidence isn’t definitive. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that while the risks are still being studied, pregnant people should take steps to reduce their exposure to phthalates as a precaution.

If you’re in your first trimester and just realized your favorite lotion or perfume contains phthalates, don’t panic. The risk from a single product is likely low, but now is a great time to start transitioning to phthalate-free alternatives. Focus on swapping out products you use daily (like moisturizers, deodorants, and hair sprays) first, as these contribute the most to your overall exposure.

Is phthalates in cosmetics safe during the second trimester?

By the second trimester, your baby’s major organs have formed, and the risk of birth defects from environmental exposures is lower than in the first trimester. However, that doesn’t mean phthalates are suddenly “safe.” Your baby is still growing rapidly, and their brain, lungs, and reproductive system continue to develop. Ongoing exposure to endocrine disruptors like phthalates may still pose risks, such as:

• Disruptions to hormone signaling, which can affect brain development and behavior.
• Potential links to gestational diabetes or preeclampsia, though the evidence is still emerging.
• Possible effects on your baby’s future reproductive health (some studies suggest phthalate exposure in utero may affect fertility later in life).

The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) recommends that pregnant people continue to minimize exposure to phthalates throughout pregnancy, not just in the first trimester. If you’re still using products with phthalates, the second trimester is a great time to gradually replace them with safer alternatives. Since you’re likely using more skincare and body care products as your belly grows (hello, stretch mark creams and extra-hydrating lotions!), now is the perfect opportunity to make the switch.

Is phthalates in cosmetics safe during the third trimester?

The third trimester is all about growth—your baby is putting on weight, their brain is developing rapidly, and their lungs are preparing for life outside the womb. While the risks of phthalate exposure are lower now than in the first trimester, there are still reasons to be cautious.

Some studies suggest that high levels of phthalate exposure in the third trimester may be linked to:

• Preterm birth: A 2021 study published in JAMA Pediatrics found that pregnant people with higher levels of certain phthalates in their urine were more likely to deliver early. The risk was small but significant.
• Low birth weight: Some research has found a correlation between phthalate exposure and lower birth weight, though the results are mixed.
• Hormonal disruptions: Phthalates can interfere with thyroid function, which is critical for your baby’s brain development in the final weeks of pregnancy.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that pregnant people limit their exposure to endocrine disruptors, including phthalates, throughout pregnancy. If you’re still using products with phthalates, the third trimester is a great time to switch to safer alternatives—especially since you’ll likely be using more lotions, oils, and other body care products as your skin stretches and your belly grows.

One easy swap? Replace heavily scented lotions (which often contain phthalates in their fragrance) with unscented or naturally scented options. You can also opt for nail polishes labeled “phthalate-free” or “3-free” (meaning they’re free of DBP, toluene, and formaldehyde).

Is phthalates in cosmetics safe while breastfeeding?

If you’re breastfeeding, you might be wondering whether phthalates in your cosmetics can affect your baby. The short answer: yes, but the risks are likely low. Phthalates can pass into breast milk, so minimizing your exposure is a good idea—especially since your baby’s developing brain and body are still sensitive to endocrine disruptors.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that breastfeeding parents limit their exposure to phthalates and other endocrine disruptors, as they can be transferred to your baby through breast milk. While the amount of phthalates in breast milk is usually small, the concern is cumulative exposure—especially if you’re using multiple products daily.

If you’re still using cosmetics with phthalates, now is a great time to switch to phthalate-free alternatives. Focus on products you use frequently, like lotions, deodorants, and hair sprays. You can also reduce your exposure by:

• Avoiding heavily scented products (phthalates are often hidden in “fragrance” or “parfum”).
• Choosing nail polishes labeled “phthalate-free” or “3-free.”
• Opting for glass or stainless-steel containers for cosmetics (phthalates can leach from plastic packaging).

Remember: the benefits of breastfeeding far outweigh the potential risks of phthalate exposure. If you’re concerned, talk to your pediatrician or a lactation consultant for personalized advice.

How much phthalate exposure is considered safe for pregnant women?

Here’s the frustrating truth: there’s no clear “safe” threshold for phthalate exposure during pregnancy. Unlike medications, which have established dosage guidelines, phthalates are regulated as a group, and the risks depend on the type of phthalate, the amount, and how often you’re exposed. The FDA and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have set limits for some phthalates in food packaging and children’s toys, but there are no specific guidelines for cosmetics or pregnancy.

That said, research suggests that minimizing exposure is the best approach. A 2020 study published in Environmental Health Perspectives found that even low levels of phthalate exposure during pregnancy were associated with subtle changes in infant behavior and development. The Endocrine Society recommends that pregnant people avoid phthalates whenever possible, as they can interfere with hormone function at any level of exposure.

So, how can you reduce your exposure? Here are some practical tips:

• Read labels: Avoid products with “fragrance” or “parfum” (phthalates are often hidden here). Look for “phthalate-free” or “fragrance-free” labels.
• Choose “3-free” or “5-free” nail polishes: These are free of DBP and other harmful chemicals.
• Opt for glass or stainless-steel containers: Phthalates can leach from plastic packaging, especially when heated (like in a hot shower).
• Wash your hands after applying cosmetics: This can reduce the amount of phthalates you ingest (e.g., from biting your nails or touching your face).
• Ventilate your space: Use cosmetics in well-ventilated areas to reduce inhalation of phthalates in sprays or powders.

If you’re concerned about your exposure, talk to your obstetrician. They can help you weigh the risks and make informed choices about the products you use.

What are the safest cosmetic brands that are phthalate-free for pregnancy?

Switching to phthalate-free cosmetics doesn’t mean you have to sacrifice quality or performance. Many brands now offer pregnancy-safe options that are free of phthalates, parabens, and other endocrine disruptors. Here are some of the safest and most trusted brands for expecting parents:

When shopping for pregnancy-safe cosmetics, look for these labels and certifications:

• “Phthalate-free”: The product doesn’t contain any phthalates.
• “Fragrance-free”: Avoids hidden phthalates in synthetic fragrances.
• EWG Verified: Meets the Environmental Working Group’s strict standards for non-toxic ingredients.
• “3-free” or “5-free” (for nail polish): Free of DBP, toluene, formaldehyde, and other harmful chemicals.
• USDA Organic: Made with organic ingredients and free of synthetic chemicals.

Pro tip: If you’re unsure about a product, check the Environmental Working Group’s (EWG) Skin Deep database. It rates thousands of cosmetics for safety, including phthalate content.

Can fragrance-free makeup help me avoid phthalates while pregnant?

Yes! Choosing fragrance-free makeup is one of the easiest ways to avoid phthalates during pregnancy. Here’s why: phthalates are often used to help fragrances last longer in cosmetics, and because “fragrance” or “parfum” is considered a trade secret, companies aren’t required to list phthalates separately on the label. This means that even if a product claims to be “phthalate-free,” it might still contain them if it has added fragrance.

The Campaign for Safe Cosmetics estimates that up to 70% of products with “fragrance” on the label contain phthalates. By opting for fragrance-free makeup, you’re significantly reducing your risk of exposure. That said, “fragrance-free” doesn’t always mean “phthalate-free”—some products may still contain phthalates in other forms (like in plastic packaging or as a solvent). To be extra safe, look for products labeled “phthalate-free” in addition to “fragrance-free.”

If you love scented products, don’t worry—you don’t have to give them up entirely. Instead, opt for cosmetics scented with natural essential oils (like lavender, chamomile, or citrus) rather than synthetic fragrances. Just be sure to check with your obstetrician first, as some essential oils (like rosemary, clary sage, or basil) aren’t safe during pregnancy.

What health risks do phthalates in cosmetics pose to pregnant women?

Phthalates are endocrine disruptors, meaning they can interfere with your body’s hormones. During pregnancy, hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and thyroid hormones are critical for your baby’s development, which is why phthalates raise concerns. While the research is still evolving, here are the potential health risks linked to phthalate exposure during pregnancy:

For you

• Gestational diabetes: Some studies suggest that phthalate exposure may increase your risk of developing gestational diabetes, though the evidence isn’t conclusive. A 2018 study published in Environmental Health Perspectives found that pregnant people with higher levels of certain phthalates in their urine were more likely to develop the condition.
• Preeclampsia: A few studies have linked phthalate exposure to an increased risk of preeclampsia, a serious pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure. However, more research is needed to confirm this connection.
• Thyroid dysfunction: Phthalates can interfere with thyroid hormone production, which is essential for your baby’s brain development. Some research suggests that phthalate exposure may be linked to subclinical hypothyroidism (mildly low thyroid function) during pregnancy.

For your baby

• Preterm birth: Several studies have found an association between phthalate exposure and an increased risk of preterm birth. A 2021 study in JAMA Pediatrics reported that pregnant people with higher levels of certain phthalates were more likely to deliver early.
• Low birth weight: Some research suggests that phthalate exposure may be linked to lower birth weight, though the results are mixed. Low birth weight can increase the risk of health problems later in life, including developmental delays and chronic conditions.
• Developmental and behavioral issues: Animal studies show that phthalates can interfere with brain development, leading to behavioral problems like ADHD and autism-like symptoms. Human studies are less clear but raise concerns. A 2019 study in Environmental International found that children exposed to higher levels of phthalates in utero had slightly lower IQ scores at age 7.
• Reproductive health: Some phthalates (like DEHP) are linked to changes in reproductive development in animal studies. Human studies suggest that prenatal exposure may affect fertility and reproductive health later in life, though more research is needed.

It’s important to note that most of these studies look at high levels of exposure from multiple sources (like food, household products, and cosmetics combined). The amount of phthalates in a single cosmetic product is usually low, but the concern is cumulative exposure over time. The Endocrine Society recommends minimizing exposure to phthalates during pregnancy as a precaution, even if the risks aren’t fully understood.

Do phthalates in nail polish affect pregnancy outcomes?

Yes, phthalates in nail polish can pose risks during pregnancy, though the evidence is still emerging. The most concerning phthalate in nail polish is dibutyl phthalate (DBP), which is used to prevent chipping and add flexibility. While DBP is now banned in cosmetics in the European Union and restricted in the U.S., some nail polishes (especially older or imported brands) may still contain it.

Here’s what the research says about phthalates in nail polish and pregnancy outcomes:

• Preterm birth: A 2020 study published in Environmental Health Perspectives found that pregnant people with higher levels of DBP in their urine were more likely to deliver early. The risk was small but significant.
• Developmental issues: Animal studies show that DBP can interfere with hormone function, which may affect brain and reproductive development. Human studies are less clear but raise concerns about potential long-term effects.
• Hormonal disruptions: DBP is a known endocrine disruptor, meaning it can interfere with estrogen and other hormones critical for pregnancy. Some research suggests that exposure may increase the risk of gestational diabetes or thyroid dysfunction.

If you love getting manicures, don’t panic—there are plenty of safer alternatives. Look for nail polishes labeled “phthalate-free” or “3-free” (meaning they’re free of DBP, toluene, and formaldehyde). Some popular pregnancy-safe brands include:

• Zoya: 10-free, vegan, and free of phthalates, parabens, and synthetic fragrances.
• Essie: 8-free, widely available, and free of DBP and other harmful chemicals.
• OPI: 3-free, long-lasting, and free of DBP, toluene, and formaldehyde.
• Butter London: 8-free, vegan, and free of phthalates, parabens, and synthetic fragrances.

Pro tip: If you’re getting a salon manicure, choose a well-ventilated space and ask for phthalate-free polish. You can also bring your own to be extra safe!

What are safer alternatives to phthalate-containing hair products during pregnancy?

If you’re used to hair sprays, gels, and serums that contain phthalates, switching to safer alternatives doesn’t mean sacrificing your hair routine. Many brands now offer pregnancy-safe options that are free of phthalates, parabens, and synthetic fragrances. Here are some of the best alternatives to phthalate-containing hair products:

• Acure Ultra-Hydrating Shampoo & Conditioner: A plant-based, sulfate-free duo that’s free of phthalates, parabens, and synthetic fragrances. Great for dry or sensitive scalps.
• SheaMoisture Coconut & Hibiscus Curl Enhancing Smoothie: A natural, phthalate-free styling cream that defines curls without harsh chemicals. Safe for all hair types.
• Giovanni LA Hold Hair Spray: A phthalate-free, alcohol-free hair spray that provides strong hold without synthetic fragrances or toxins. Works well for updos and styles that need to last.
• Rahua Voluminous Hair Spray: A lightweight, plant-based hair spray that adds volume and hold without phthalates or parabens. Safe for color-treated hair.
• Briogeo Be Gentle, Be Kind Avocado + Quinoa Co-Wash: A phthalate-free, sulfate-free co-wash that cleanses and conditions without stripping natural oils. Ideal for curly or dry hair.
• Pureology Style + Protect Heat Protectant Spray: A phthalate-free, vegan heat protectant that shields hair from damage without synthetic fragrances. Safe for daily use.
• Attitude Super Leaves Shampoo: An EWG Verified, hypoallergenic shampoo that’s free of phthalates, parabens, and synthetic dyes. Great for sensitive scalps.

When shopping for pregnancy-safe hair products, look for these labels:

• “Phthalate-free”: The product doesn’t contain any phthalates.
• “Fragrance-free” or “naturally scented”: Avoids hidden phthalates in synthetic fragrances.
• EWG Verified: Meets the Environmental Working Group’s strict standards for non-toxic ingredients.
• “Sulfate-free”: Free of harsh detergents that can irritate sensitive scalps.
• “Vegan” or “cruelty-free”: Often (but not always) free of synthetic chemicals like phthalates.

Pro tip: If you’re unsure about a product, check the EWG’s Skin Deep database or the Think Dirty app to scan barcodes and see safety ratings.

How do phthalates in cosmetics interact with pregnancy-related conditions like gestational diabetes?

Phthalates are endocrine disruptors, meaning they can interfere with your body’s hormone signaling—including insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar. During pregnancy, your body becomes more resistant to insulin to ensure your baby gets enough glucose. If this resistance becomes too strong, it can lead to gestational diabetes, a condition that affects up to 10% of pregnancies in the U.S. Some research suggests that phthalate exposure may increase your risk of developing gestational diabetes, though the evidence isn’t conclusive.

Here’s what we know so far:

• Insulin resistance: Phthalates like DEHP and DBP have been shown to interfere with insulin signaling in animal studies. Human studies suggest that pregnant people with higher levels of these phthalates in their urine may be more likely to develop insulin resistance, a precursor to gestational diabetes.
• Inflammation: Phthalates can trigger low-grade inflammation in the body, which is linked to insulin resistance and gestational diabetes. A 2018 study published in Environmental Health Perspectives found that pregnant people with higher phthalate levels had elevated markers of inflammation.
• Oxidative stress: Phthalates can increase oxidative stress (a type of cellular damage), which may contribute to insulin resistance. Some research suggests that antioxidants (like vitamin C and E) may help counteract this effect.

A 2020 meta-analysis published in Environmental Research reviewed 12 studies on phthalate exposure and gestational diabetes. The authors concluded that while the evidence is still limited, there’s a possible link between higher phthalate levels and an increased risk of gestational diabetes. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) recommends that pregnant people minimize their exposure to phthalates as a precaution, especially if they have other risk factors for gestational diabetes (like obesity, a family history of diabetes, or polycystic ovary syndrome).

If you’ve been diagnosed with gestational diabetes or are at risk, here are some steps you can take to reduce your phthalate exposure:

• Avoid scented products: Phthalates are often hidden in “fragrance” or “parfum.” Opt for fragrance-free lotions, shampoos, and cosmetics.
• Choose phthalate-free nail polish: DBP, a common phthalate in nail polish, has been linked to insulin resistance in animal studies.
• Wash your hands after applying cosmetics: This can reduce the amount of phthalates you ingest (e.g., from biting your nails or touching your face).
• Store food in glass or stainless steel: Phthalates can leach from plastic containers, especially when heated. Avoid microwaving plastic or using plastic wrap.
• Eat fresh, whole foods: Processed foods are often packaged in plastic, which can contain phthalates. Opt for fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains when possible.

If you’re concerned about phthalate exposure and gestational diabetes, talk to your obstetrician. They can help you weigh the risks and make informed choices about the products you use.

Side effects and risks of phthalates in cosmetics during pregnancy

While the research on phthalates in cosmetics and pregnancy is still evolving, here are the potential side effects and risks to be aware of:

For you

• Hormonal disruptions: Phthalates can interfere with estrogen, progesterone, and thyroid hormones, which are critical for a healthy pregnancy. This may increase your risk of complications like gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, or thyroid dysfunction.
• Skin irritation: Some phthalates (like DEP) can irritate sensitive skin, leading to redness, itching, or eczema—especially during pregnancy, when your skin is more reactive.
• Allergic reactions: Phthalates in fragrances can trigger allergic reactions, including headaches, sneezing, or skin rashes.
• Inhalation risks: Sprays, powders, and aerosols (like hair sprays or setting sprays) can release phthalates into the air, which you may inhale. This can irritate your lungs or trigger asthma symptoms.

For your baby

• Preterm birth: Some studies suggest that high levels of phthalate exposure may increase the risk of preterm birth, which can lead to health problems for your baby.
• Low birth weight: Phthalate exposure has been linked to lower birth weight in some studies, which may increase the risk of developmental delays or chronic health conditions later in life.
• Developmental issues: Animal studies show that phthalates can interfere with brain development, leading to behavioral problems like ADHD or autism-like symptoms. Human studies are less clear but raise concerns about potential long-term effects.
• Reproductive health: Some phthalates (like DEHP) are linked to changes in reproductive development in animal studies. Human studies suggest