Is Goat Milk Formula Safe for Babies? What Parents Need to Know

Quick take: Commercially prepared goat milk formula is generally safe and nutritionally complete for most healthy infants, meeting stringent regulatory standards. It may be an option for babies experiencing mild digestive discomfort on cow milk formula due to its different protein and fat structure, which some parents find easier to digest. However, it's crucial to consult your pediatrician before making any formula changes, especially if your baby has a suspected cow milk protein allergy or other health concerns.

It's 3 AM, and you're scrolling through endless forums, trying to understand why your little one seems so fussy after every bottle. You've heard whispers about goat milk formula – a potential game-changer for sensitive tummies – but is it truly safe? Is it better? The world of infant feeding can feel overwhelming, especially when you're just trying to find what works best for your baby.

At BumpBites, we understand that worry. We're here to cut through the noise and give you clear, evidence-based information. Goat milk formula has gained popularity, and for good reason: for many babies, it offers a gentle alternative to traditional cow milk formulas. But it's not a magic bullet, and it's essential to understand its unique properties, benefits, and limitations.

In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore everything you need to know about goat milk formula for babies. We’ll delve into its nutritional profile, compare it to cow milk formula, discuss its potential for babies with sensitive stomachs, and help you understand when and how to consider this option, always with your pediatrician’s guidance at the forefront.

Is goat milk formula safe for newborns and infants?

Yes, commercially prepared goat milk formula is considered safe and nutritionally appropriate for healthy newborns and infants, provided it meets the strict regulatory standards set by health authorities. In the United States, this means complying with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for infant formula. In Europe, it adheres to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidelines, and globally, the World Health Organization (WHO) provides guidance.

These formulas are specifically designed to provide all the essential nutrients your baby needs for healthy growth and development, mimicking the nutritional composition of breast milk as closely as possible. They are fortified with crucial vitamins, minerals, and other components like DHA and ARA (omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids vital for brain and eye development) that are naturally present in breast milk but might be lower in unfortified animal milk.

It's important to distinguish between commercially prepared infant formula and plain goat's milk. **Never give your baby unfortified or raw goat's milk.** Raw goat's milk lacks the necessary balance of nutrients for infants, particularly iron, folate, and vitamins C and D, and can lead to serious deficiencies. It also contains high levels of protein and minerals that can be difficult for a baby's immature kidneys to process, potentially causing dehydration or kidney strain. Furthermore, raw milk carries a significant risk of bacterial contamination (like E. coli or Salmonella) that can be dangerous for infants with developing immune systems. Always choose a reputable brand of infant formula specifically labeled for your baby's age range.

What are the benefits of goat milk formula for babies?

Nutritional Profile & Digestibility Factors

• Protein Structure: Goat milk contains different protein casein micelles (the protein clumps that form in the stomach) than cow milk. These micelles are often smaller and softer, forming a looser curd in the stomach. This softer curd can be easier for an infant's developing digestive system to break down and process, potentially leading to less gas, bloating, and discomfort.
• Fat Globules: The fat globules in goat milk are naturally smaller and more easily dispersed than those in cow milk. This fine dispersion means the fat can be more readily digested by enzymes in the baby's gut, contributing to easier digestion and potentially better nutrient absorption.
• Prebiotic Oligosaccharides: Goat milk naturally contains a higher concentration and wider variety of prebiotic oligosaccharides compared to cow milk. These complex carbohydrates act as prebiotics, feeding beneficial bacteria in the gut. A healthy gut microbiome is crucial for digestion, nutrient absorption, and immune system development. Some studies suggest these prebiotics might contribute to a softer stool consistency and reduced constipation.
• Vitamins and Minerals: Goat milk is naturally rich in certain essential nutrients. It tends to have higher levels of Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and some B vitamins compared to cow milk. It also contains good amounts of calcium and phosphorus. While formulas are fortified to ensure completeness, these natural levels can be a beneficial starting point.

Potential for Sensitive Stomachs and Discomfort

For babies with what parents describe as "sensitive stomachs," goat milk formula can sometimes offer relief. Parents often report a reduction in symptoms like:

• Reflux: While not a cure for clinical reflux disease, some babies with mild reflux or spit-up may find goat milk formula gentler. The easier digestibility of proteins and fats might lead to less stomach upset.
• Colic Relief: For some infants experiencing fussiness, excessive crying, and gas often attributed to colic, the easier-to-digest nature of goat milk formula may help alleviate some of these symptoms. It's important to remember that colic has many potential causes, and formula changes don't always resolve it entirely.
• Constipation: The prebiotic oligosaccharides and overall digestibility of goat milk formula can sometimes help promote more regular and softer bowel movements, potentially easing mild constipation in some infants.

Reviews from parents who have switched to goat milk formula for sensitive stomachs often highlight improved comfort, less gas, and more settled behavior. While individual experiences vary, these anecdotal reports, combined with scientific understanding of goat milk's composition, suggest it can be a valuable option for certain babies.

Goat milk formula vs. cow milk formula: Which is better?

The question of "better" is highly individual and depends entirely on your baby's unique digestive system and nutritional needs. Both goat milk formula and cow milk formula are rigorously regulated to ensure they provide complete nutrition for infants. Neither is inherently "superior" across the board, but they do have distinct differences that might make one a better fit for a particular baby.

Key Differences in Composition

While both types of formula aim to mimic breast milk, their base ingredients — cow's milk versus goat's milk — lead to some variations:

• Protein Structure: This is a primary differentiator. Cow milk protein is primarily made up of alpha-s1-casein. When it reaches the stomach, it forms a firmer, denser curd. Goat milk, on the other hand, has lower levels of alpha-s1-casein and higher levels of beta-casein, which forms a softer, looser curd. This difference is often cited as a reason for goat milk's easier digestibility.
• Fat Content: The fat globules in goat milk are smaller and more uniformly distributed than those in cow milk. This makes them easier for digestive enzymes to break down, which can be beneficial for infants with developing digestive systems.
• Lactose: Both cow milk and goat milk naturally contain lactose, a sugar. Goat milk generally has slightly less lactose than cow milk, but not enough to be considered lactose-free. Therefore, if your baby has true lactose intolerance, neither standard cow nor goat milk formula would be suitable.
• Oligosaccharides: As mentioned, goat milk has a richer and more diverse profile of naturally occurring prebiotic oligosaccharides, which support gut health. While cow milk formulas often add prebiotics, they may not perfectly replicate the natural complexity found in goat milk.
• Micronutrients: Naturally, goat milk can have higher levels of certain vitamins and minerals, such as Vitamin A, C, and some B vitamins, and less folate than cow milk. However, all commercial formulas are fortified to ensure they meet the specific nutritional requirements for infants, so these natural differences are balanced out in the final product.

Digestibility Comparison

For many babies, cow milk formula is perfectly well-tolerated and provides excellent nutrition. However, for those with mild digestive sensitivities, the differences in protein and fat structure in goat milk formula can be significant. The softer protein curds and smaller fat globules of goat milk are often easier for an infant's immature digestive system to process, potentially reducing symptoms like gas, bloating, and general fussiness. This doesn't mean it's universally "easier" for *all* babies, but it's a common observation and a key reason parents explore this alternative.

The decision to choose between goat milk formula and cow milk formula should always involve your pediatrician. They can assess your baby's individual needs, any symptoms they are experiencing, and help you make an informed choice.

Can babies with cow milk protein sensitivity use goat milk formula?

This is a crucial question, and the answer requires careful distinction between cow milk protein sensitivity and a true cow milk protein allergy (CMPA). It's a common area of confusion for parents, and getting it right is vital for your baby's health.

Cow Milk Protein Sensitivity vs. Cow Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA)

• Cow Milk Protein Sensitivity: This is a milder form of intolerance, often non-IgE mediated, meaning it doesn't involve the immediate immune response seen in true allergies. Symptoms are usually digestive, such as excessive gas, bloating, mild reflux, fussiness, or constipation/diarrhea. These symptoms can be uncomfortable but are generally not life-threatening.
• Cow Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA): This is a true, IgE-mediated immune response to the proteins in cow's milk. Symptoms can be more severe and include hives, eczema, wheezing, significant vomiting, bloody stools, or even anaphylaxis (a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction).

Goat Milk Formula for Sensitivity

For babies with **mild cow milk protein sensitivity**, goat milk formula *might* be an option, but only after consultation with your pediatrician. The different protein structure in goat milk (lower alpha-s1-casein, higher beta-casein) means that some babies who have difficulty digesting cow milk proteins may tolerate goat milk proteins better. It's not that the proteins are entirely different, but their structural presentation in the gut can lead to a different digestive experience.

We often hear from parents like Sarah, whose 4-month-old, Leo, was constantly gassy and uncomfortable on standard cow milk formula, despite trying several brands. "He wasn't throwing up violently or getting hives, but he was just miserable after every feed," Sarah shared. "Our pediatrician suggested trying a goat milk formula, emphasizing that it wasn't for a true allergy, but for a suspected sensitivity. Within a week, Leo was a different baby – less arching, less gas, and much happier. It was a huge relief."

Goat Milk Formula for Allergy (CMPA)

If your baby has a **diagnosed or suspected cow milk protein allergy (CMPA)**, goat milk formula is **generally NOT suitable**. This is because the proteins in goat milk are very similar to those in cow milk, leading to a high degree of "cross-reactivity." This means that if your baby's immune system reacts to cow milk proteins, it is highly likely to react to goat milk proteins as well. For babies with CMPA, hypoallergenic or extensively hydrolyzed formulas (where proteins are broken down into tiny fragments) or amino acid-based formulas are the appropriate medical choice. Trying goat milk formula in this situation could lead to a severe allergic reaction.

Therefore, the golden rule remains: **always consult your pediatrician** before switching to goat milk formula if you suspect any kind of protein sensitivity or allergy. They can help you accurately diagnose the issue and recommend the safest and most effective feeding solution for your baby.

Is goat milk formula easier to digest for babies?

The perception that goat milk formula is "easier to digest" is one of its primary draws for many parents, and there is scientific reasoning behind this belief. While individual responses vary, several factors contribute to goat milk's reputation for being gentle on tiny tummies.

The Science Behind Easier Digestion

• Softer Protein Curds: When milk reaches the acidic environment of a baby's stomach, its proteins coagulate to form curds. In cow milk, the predominant protein is alpha-s1-casein, which forms a relatively firm, dense curd. Goat milk, however, has naturally lower levels of alpha-s1-casein and higher levels of beta-casein, resulting in the formation of a much softer, smaller, and more fragile curd. Imagine trying to digest a hard cheese versus a soft cottage cheese – the softer curd is simply easier for an immature digestive system to break down and move through the gut. This can reduce the feeling of "heaviness" or discomfort that some babies experience after feeding.
• Smaller Fat Globules: The fat in goat milk is naturally present in smaller globules compared to cow milk. These smaller fat particles are more easily dispersed throughout the milk and present a larger surface area for digestive enzymes (lipases) to act upon. This efficient breakdown of fats can lead to quicker digestion and potentially less undigested fat reaching the lower gut, which can sometimes contribute to gas or discomfort.
• Prebiotic Oligosaccharides: Goat milk is naturally rich in prebiotic oligosaccharides. These are non-digestible carbohydrates that act as food for beneficial bacteria in the baby's gut. A healthy gut microbiome (the community of bacteria in the intestines) is fundamental for efficient digestion, nutrient absorption, and even immune function. By promoting a balanced gut flora, these prebiotics can contribute to smoother digestion, potentially reducing issues like gas, bloating, and even helping with softer stools, addressing concerns like "Does goat milk formula cause constipation?" (Generally, no; it often helps prevent it).
• Lactose Content: While goat milk formula is not lactose-free, it typically contains slightly less lactose than cow milk formula. For babies with very mild lactose sensitivity (not true intolerance), this subtle difference might contribute to less digestive upset, though it's important to reiterate that it's not a solution for significant lactose intolerance.

These combined factors mean that for babies who struggle with the protein and fat structures in cow milk, goat milk formula can indeed be easier to process, leading to a reduction in common digestive complaints like excessive gas, fussiness, mild reflux, and constipation. It's not a universal solution for all digestive woes, but it offers a genuinely different profile that many infants find more comfortable.

Potential side effects and risks of goat milk formula for infants

While goat milk formula can be a good option for many babies, it's essential to be aware of its potential limitations, side effects, and risks. Understanding these can help you make an informed decision with your healthcare provider.

Not Suitable for True Cow Milk Protein Allergy (CMPA)

As discussed, the most significant risk is for babies with a diagnosed or suspected **cow milk protein allergy (CMPA)**. Due to the high degree of cross-reactivity between cow and goat milk proteins, goat milk formula is almost always unsuitable for these infants. Giving goat milk formula to a baby with CMPA can trigger allergic reactions, which can range from mild (hives, eczema, digestive upset) to severe (anaphylaxis). Always consult your pediatrician if you suspect a true allergy; they will likely recommend extensively hydrolyzed or amino acid-based formulas.

Not Suitable for Lactose Intolerance

Despite popular misconception, goat milk formula is **not lactose-free**. It contains natural lactose, similar to cow milk, though often in slightly lower amounts. Therefore, if your baby has true lactose intolerance (a rare condition in infants where their body cannot produce enough lactase enzyme to break down lactose), goat milk formula will not be an appropriate solution. For lactose intolerance, a specifically formulated lactose-free infant formula is required.

Nutritional Deficiencies from Unfortified or Homemade Goat Milk

A critical risk, worth reiterating, is the danger of feeding infants **unfortified or homemade goat milk**. Plain goat's milk lacks sufficient iron, folate, vitamin D, vitamin C, and other essential nutrients vital for infant growth and development. It also has a high mineral content that can strain a baby's immature kidneys. Feeding unfortified goat milk can lead to severe nutritional deficiencies, kidney problems, and even failure to thrive. **Only use commercially prepared, nutritionally complete infant formula that meets regulatory standards.**

Potential for Allergic Reaction to Goat Milk Itself

While less common than cow milk protein allergy, a baby can also develop an allergy specifically to goat milk proteins. If your baby exhibits any signs of an allergic reaction (hives, swelling, difficulty breathing, severe vomiting, bloody stools) after consuming goat milk formula, seek immediate medical attention and discontinue use.

Cost Considerations

Goat milk formulas can sometimes be more expensive than conventional cow milk formulas. This can be a factor for families, and it's worth considering the long-term financial commitment if you choose this option.

Before switching to any new formula, especially if your baby has existing health conditions or suspected allergies, a thorough discussion with your pediatrician is paramount. They can help you weigh these potential risks against the potential benefits for your specific child.

How to choose the best goat milk formula brand for your baby

Choosing the right formula for your baby feels like a monumental decision, and with goat milk formulas, there are specific considerations to keep in mind. The "best" choice is always one that is nutritionally complete, well-tolerated by your baby, and recommended by your pediatrician.

Prioritize Regulatory Approval and Nutritional Completeness

The absolute first step is to ensure that any goat milk formula you consider is **approved by relevant regulatory bodies** in your country. In the US, this means meeting FDA standards. In Europe, look for EFSA approval. These approvals guarantee that the formula is nutritionally complete and safe for infant consumption, providing all the necessary vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrates) for your baby's growth.

• Check the Label: Look for clear statements indicating it is an "infant formula" suitable for your baby's age range (e.g., 0-6 months, 6-12 months, or toddler formula).
• Essential Fortifications: Ensure the formula is fortified with iron and includes DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and ARA (arachidonic acid). These omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are crucial for brain and eye development, mirroring their presence in breast milk.

Scrutinize the Ingredients List

A thorough read of the ingredients list can give you valuable insight:

• Avoid Added Sugars: Look out for excessive added sugars like corn syrup solids or glucose syrup. While some carbohydrates are necessary, prioritize formulas with lactose as the primary carbohydrate source, as it is the natural sugar found in breast milk and most infant formulas.
• No Artificial Additives: Opt for formulas free from artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives.
• Protein Source: Confirm that the primary protein source is goat milk protein.

Consider Organic Options

Many goat milk formulas are available in organic versions. The **pros** of organic goat milk formula include:

• Pesticide-Free: Organic farming practices prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides and herbicides.
• No GMOs: Organic standards typically exclude genetically modified organisms.
• Animal Welfare: Organic certification often implies higher standards for animal welfare and feeding practices for the goats.

The primary **con** of organic goat milk formula is often a higher price point. Nutritionally, organic and non-organic formulas meeting regulatory standards are equally complete and safe for your baby. The choice for organic is often a personal preference based on environmental and ethical considerations.

Age Appropriateness

Formulas are tailored to different developmental stages. For newborns, look for formulas specifically designed for 0-6 months or "Stage 1." As your baby grows, there are "Stage 2" or "follow-on" formulas for 6-12 months, and "toddler formulas" for children over 12 months. Always select the formula that matches your baby's current age for optimal nutrition.

Consult Your Pediatrician

Before purchasing or switching to any goat milk formula, have a detailed discussion with your pediatrician. They can offer personalized recommendations based on your baby's health history, any digestive issues, and overall development. They can also advise on specific brands that are reputable and well-regarded.

When should you consider switching to goat milk formula?

Deciding to switch your baby's formula is a significant step, and it's best approached thoughtfully and in consultation with your pediatrician. You might consider goat milk formula if your baby is experiencing mild but persistent digestive discomfort on their current cow milk-based formula, and your doctor agrees it's a suitable option.

Signs Your Baby Might Benefit from a Switch

Keep an eye out for these common signs of mild digestive distress that might suggest a cow milk sensitivity (not a true allergy):

• Excessive Gas and Bloating: Your baby seems unusually gassy, cries frequently due to tummy discomfort, and has a distended belly after feeds.
• Persistent Fussiness: While all babies are fussy sometimes, prolonged and unexplained irritability, especially after feeding, can be a sign of discomfort.
• Mild Reflux or Frequent Spit-Up: If your baby spits up often but is otherwise gaining weight well and not distressed, the easier digestibility of goat milk formula might help reduce the frequency or severity.
• Mild Constipation or Hard Stools: If your baby struggles with bowel movements that are infrequent or hard, the prebiotics and softer curds in goat milk formula might promote softer, more regular stools.
• Skin Rashes or Eczema: In some cases of mild sensitivity, skin issues like patchy eczema might improve with a formula change, though this is less common and should always be evaluated by a doctor.

Important Considerations Before Switching

• Rule Out Other Causes: Before jumping to a formula change, your pediatrician will want to rule out other potential causes for your baby's symptoms, such as feeding technique issues, overfeeding, or other medical conditions.
• Not a First Resort for Severe Symptoms: Goat milk formula is generally not the go-to solution for severe symptoms like projectile vomiting, significant bloody stools, poor weight gain, or severe allergic reactions. These symptoms warrant immediate medical evaluation and often require specialized hypoallergenic formulas.
• Always Consult Your Pediatrician: This cannot be stressed enough. Your doctor can help you determine if goat milk formula is appropriate for your baby, distinguish between sensitivity and allergy, and guide you through the transition safely. They can also recommend specific brands and advise on how to observe your baby for improvements or adverse reactions.

How to Transition

If your pediatrician recommends a switch, they might suggest a gradual transition to allow your baby's digestive system to adjust. This often involves mixing increasing amounts of the new formula with decreasing amounts of the old formula over several days. For example:

1. **Day 1-2:** 1/4 new formula, 3/4 old formula
2. **Day 3-4:** 1/2 new formula, 1/2 old formula
3. **Day 5-6:** 3/4 new formula, 1/4 old formula
4. **Day 7+:** All new formula

Observe your baby closely during the transition for any changes in symptoms, bowel movements, or demeanor. If symptoms worsen or new ones appear, contact your pediatrician immediately.

From our medical team: "Choosing the right formula can feel like a maze, but remember that commercially prepared goat milk formulas are a safe and nutritionally complete option for many infants. For babies with mild digestive upset, gas, or fussiness on cow milk formula, the unique protein and fat structure of goat milk can offer a gentler alternative. However, it's not a solution for true cow milk protein allergy, and homemade goat milk is never safe for infants. Your pediatrician is your best partner in this decision – always discuss any feeding concerns or formula changes with them to ensure your baby gets the best care."

Myth vs. fact

Let's clear up some common misconceptions about goat milk formula:

• Myth: Goat milk formula is lactose-free.
  Fact: Goat milk naturally contains lactose, just like cow milk, although sometimes in slightly lower amounts. It is not suitable for babies with true lactose intolerance.
• Myth: You can give your baby raw or unfortified goat milk.
  Fact: Never give infants raw or unfortified goat milk. It lacks essential nutrients for babies, can strain their kidneys, and carries a significant risk of bacterial contamination. Only commercially prepared infant formula is safe and nutritionally complete.
• Myth: Goat milk formula cures all digestive issues.
  Fact: While goat milk formula can be easier to digest for some babies and may alleviate mild symptoms like gas, fussiness, or constipation, it is not a cure-all. It's not suitable for true cow milk protein allergy or severe digestive conditions, which require specialized medical formulas.

Key takeaways

• Commercially prepared goat milk formula is safe and nutritionally complete for healthy infants, meeting stringent regulatory standards.
• It may be a good option for babies experiencing mild digestive discomfort on cow milk formula due to its softer protein curds and smaller fat globules, which can be easier to digest.
• Goat milk formula is generally NOT suitable for babies with a diagnosed cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) due to high cross-reactivity with cow milk proteins.
• It is NOT lactose-free and is not appropriate for babies with true lactose intolerance.
• Always choose a reputable brand that is age-appropriate, fortified with iron and DHA/ARA, and free from excessive added sugars.
• Crucially, always consult your pediatrician before switching your baby's formula to ensure it's the right choice for their specific needs.

Frequently asked questions

Is goat milk formula good for babies?

Yes, commercially prepared goat milk formula is considered good for babies as it's nutritionally complete and meets infant feeding standards. For some infants, its unique protein and fat structure can make it easier to digest than cow milk formula, potentially reducing mild digestive discomfort like gas, fussiness, or constipation.

What are the disadvantages of goat milk formula?

Disadvantages include its unsuitability for true cow milk protein allergy due to cross-reactivity, the fact that it's not lactose-free, and potentially higher cost. There's also a risk of nutritional deficiencies if unfortified or homemade goat milk is used, which is never recommended for infants.

Can I give my baby goat milk instead of cow's milk?

You should only give your baby commercially prepared goat milk *formula*, not plain goat's milk. Plain or raw goat milk is not nutritionally balanced for infants, lacks essential vitamins and minerals, and carries health risks. Infant formula is specifically designed to meet all your baby's nutritional needs.

Is goat milk formula easier to digest than cow's milk?

For many babies, yes. Goat milk forms a softer, smaller curd in the stomach and has smaller fat globules, which can be easier for an infant's developing digestive system to break down. It also contains natural prebiotic oligosaccharides that support gut health, contributing to its perceived ease of digestion.

What is the best goat milk formula for newborns?

The "best" goat milk formula for newborns is one that is specifically labeled for 0-6 months (or "Stage 1"), meets all regulatory standards (like FDA or EFSA), is fortified with iron and DHA/ARA, and is recommended by your pediatrician. Look for reputable brands with a clean ingredient list, and always prioritize your baby's individual tolerance.

Does goat milk formula cause constipation?

Generally, no. In fact, many parents find that goat milk formula can help alleviate mild constipation due to its easier digestibility and the presence of natural prebiotic oligosaccharides, which promote softer, more regular stools. If your baby is constipated, discuss it with your pediatrician.

When to call your doctor

While this article provides general information, it's not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always contact your pediatrician or healthcare provider if your baby exhibits any of the following symptoms, especially after a formula change or if they are persistent:

• Severe or projectile vomiting
• Diarrhea, especially with blood or mucus
• Hives, rash, or swelling (signs of an allergic reaction)
• Difficulty breathing or wheezing
• Poor weight gain or failure to thrive
• Excessive irritability or inconsolable crying
• Any other concerning symptoms that worry you

This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your baby's health and feeding.

References

1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - Infant Formula.
2. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) - Scientific Opinion on the suitability of goat milk protein as a source of protein in infant formulae and follow-on formulae.
3. World Health Organization (WHO) - Infant and young child feeding.
4. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) - Clinical Report: Choosing an Infant Formula.
5. National Health Service (NHS) UK - Types of formula milk.
6. Mayo Clinic - Infant formula: How to choose and use.
7. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition - Review on the digestibility of goat milk in infants.